Research Article
Acute Pesticide Toxicity on Oreochromis Niloticus, with Particular Reference to Insecticides
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
94-103
Received:
19 May 2024
Accepted:
17 June 2024
Published:
31 July 2024
Abstract: Pyriforce 600 EC and Cyperplant 100 EC are insecticides used in large quantities in agricultural practices in Cameroon. Residues due to intensive agriculture combined with surface runoff and surface drainage, a few weeks after application are deposited in water courses like ponds, rivers and lakes. This has negative effects on fish and other aquatic organisms which are of great concern to the wider public. To assess the risks of toxicity and their negative influence on aquatic biodiversity, acute toxicity bioassays on individuals of Oreochromis niloticus were carried out using Pyriforce 600 EC and Cyperplant 100 EC (toxicants) separately with nine concentrations in static media in aquariums for 24 hours. The test solution (P) representing the farmer’s dose was prepared using each toxicant. For Pyriforce 600 EC, P was of 3.125 ml/l while for Cyperplant 100 EC P was 1.33 ml/l. From this test solution (P), different concentrations were calculated and introduced into various aquaria to which Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were exposed. The nominal test concentrations for Pyriforce were: 0.0 µl/l, 2.60 µl/l, 3.125 µl/l, 3.9 µl/l, 5, 2 µl/l, 7.8 µl/l, 15.6 µl/l, 31.25 µl/l, 39 µl/l and Cyperplant were: 0.0 µl/l, 1.10 µl/l, 1.33 µl/l, 1.66 µ/l, 2.22 µl/l, 3.33 µl/l, 6.66 µl/l, 13.33 µl/l, 16.60 µl/l respectively. The experimental setup constituted of ten specimens, (3,5 ± 0,5) cm standard length and mean weight (2,75 ± 0.5) g placed in each 75 × 45 cm glass aquarium located indoors, each containing 10 L of combined water from the pond from which test specimens were harvested and the test solution. Physicochemical parameters were measured throughout the test period following the recommendations of Rodier et al. Minimum (30±0.00%) and maximum (100 ± 0.00%) mortalities were recorded. Correlations were positive and strong between mortality rates and concentrations. Physicochemical parameters did not vary greatly during the test period. The 50% lethal concentration for 24 hours of exposure (LC50-24 h) was relatively high with Cyperplant 100 EC (P/800) and low with Pyriforce 600 EC (P/1200) which turns out to be the most toxic pesticide. The results showed that they may cause serious long term effects in our ecosystem such as the killing of Oreochromis nioticus fingerlings even at very low doses which may lead to gross drop in their population in the ecosystem and even the extinction of the species if the situation is not controlled.
Abstract: Pyriforce 600 EC and Cyperplant 100 EC are insecticides used in large quantities in agricultural practices in Cameroon. Residues due to intensive agriculture combined with surface runoff and surface drainage, a few weeks after application are deposited in water courses like ponds, rivers and lakes. This has negative effects on fish and other aquati...
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Review Article
Impacts of Diseases and Pests on Forage Crop Production and Management Systems: A Review
Melkam Aleme*
,
Gezahegn Mengistu
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
104-111
Received:
1 August 2024
Accepted:
22 August 2024
Published:
6 September 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20240903.12
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Abstract: A forage crop diseases and pests incidences identification and management system is precondition for the viewpoint of ecological and environmental protection to address the issues of numerous types of forage crop disease and pests-control, and management for easy identification. The incidence of diseases and pests reduces the productivity of forage crops causing significant financial losses, and decrease feed production. This review paper is aimed to illustrate the common diseases and pests in forage crop production and management and indicated the way forward. The application of chemical pesticides used to control the diseases and pests could affect plants, soil, and wildlife as well as human wellbeing. In the next years, there will undoubtedly be a greater need for high-quality feed production as people become more conscious of illnesses and pests. When preparing forage this way, less non-organic items are used. Based on recommendations, chemical pesticides and fertilizers will be essential. In order to minimize the impact of disease and insect infestations on productivity, bio-management of disease and insect pests in fodder crops the following year will surely be crucial. Therefore, several management strategies offer effective and environmentally sound affordable defense. Against foliar diseases, nematode-caused root knot disease, and soil-borne and insect forage crop pests. These disease and pest management systems allowed indispensable contributions in forage genetic resource conservation.
Abstract: A forage crop diseases and pests incidences identification and management system is precondition for the viewpoint of ecological and environmental protection to address the issues of numerous types of forage crop disease and pests-control, and management for easy identification. The incidence of diseases and pests reduces the productivity of forage...
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